Pruning Techniques   Every pruning cut has the potential to alter the manner in which a tree grows, so it is important to exercise best practices when pruning trees: Use the right tool hand pruning shears for small trees lopping shears and pruning saws for cuts over ½” in diameter Make certain your tools are sharp and clean Make your cuts just outside the branch collar helping the tree compartmentalize the wound avoid sensitive trunk and parent branch tissues If you must cut, place cuts at lateral branches cuts made between buds or branches can stimulate stem decay, sprout production and structural weakness For most young trees, establish a dominant leader codominant stems can lead to structural weakness The height of the lowest permanent branch is determined by the tree’s intended function and location for example, use as a screen or along a traveled road where clearance is necessary Maintain proper spacing of permanent branches, vertical and radial Prune branches with weak attachments, or where included bark has built up in tight crotches Avoid over-thinning try to retain at least half the foliage on branches based in the lower two thirds of the tree For the first two to three years of a tree’s life, restrict cuts to corrective pruning young unpruned trees develop stronger root systems Avoid wound dressings